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元照： 法律學習．研究

WTO-Plus In Free Trade Agreements


【作　者】	羅昌發
【書　號】	1D156PA
【出版社】	元照出版公司
【出　版】	2010/04
【版　次】	1
【ISBN/ISSN】9789862550359
【定　價】~~350~~ 元
【特　價】315 元

本書簡介

People often hear the term “WTO-plus”. But they do not fully understand the exact meaning and the legal status of it under the WTO. The book divides FTA provisions into three categories and analyzes WTO-plus issues of different categories. These categories are those provisions dealing with the matters which are required by the GATT 1994 to be included in the FTAs; those FTA matters not required by the WTO, but allowed or admitted by explicit WTO provisions or not denied by WTO practices; and those matters not covered by the WTO or, although covered by the WTO, not allowed by the WTO to be an exception to the MFN principle. It is expected that through the analysis of the issues arising from different categories, readers will clearly understand the exact meaning of WTO-plus and the related issues. It is also hoped that the analysis will help WTO Members to negotiate further rules on FTAs under the WTO and to formulate their FTA rules and policies concerning the plus aspects, and to help dispute settlement decisions on the related issues.
許多人都聽過WTO-plus這個詞，但對該詞的真正含意及其在WTO下的法律地位，未必能掌握。本書將自由貿易協定的內容分成三類，亦即（1）GATT對於成立自由貿易協定所要求的內容。（2）WTO所並不要求，但為WTO規範明示允許或未為WTO實務所否定的內容；此種內容可作為最惠國待遇條款之例外。（3）WTO所未涵蓋的領域，或雖為WTO所涵蓋，但未為WTO所承認得作為最惠國待遇條款之例外。透過分析自由貿易協定此等不同類型的規定，讀者應可瞭解WTO-plus的正確法律上意義以及其衍生的相關問題。本書希望有助於WTO會員將來在WTO之下進行自由貿易協定相關規範的談判；並相望協助其談判自由貿易協定的條文以及擬定自由貿易協定的政策。將來如有相關的爭端案件，本書亦希望可以作為釐清相關問題的參考。

圖書目錄

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Ⅰ Meaning of WTO-Plus
Ⅱ Reasons to Discuss WTO-Plus Aspects of FTA
Ⅲ Three Categories of FTA Provisions and Their General Relations with WTO: Layout of the Book
CHAPTER 2
NON-PLUS ASPECTS:
CONTENTS NECESSARY FOR THE FORMATION OF FTA
Ⅰ Relations between Plus and Non-plus Aspects
Ⅱ The Authorization to Establish an FTA and the Requirements to Be Qualified as FTA
Ⅲ Elements Necessarily to Be Included in an FTA under GATT 1994
CHAPTER 3
OPTIONAL CONTENTS FOR FTA AS NON-WTO-PLUS: EXCEPTIONS AND TRADE REMEDIES
Ⅰ Those Allowed to Be Excluded from Trade Liberalization under Article XXIV:8
Ⅱ Trade Remedy Rules in FTAs
Ⅲ Legal Status of FTA Trade Remedies under GATT Article XXIV:8
Ⅳ Legal Status of FTA Trade Remedies under GATT Article I
Ⅴ Legal Status of FTA Trade Remedies from the Perspective of WTO Trade Remedy Rules
Ⅵ Legal Status of FTA Trade Remedies from the Perspective of WTO Appellate Body Reports
Ⅶ Some Remarks on Trade Remedies as Optional Elements of FTA
CHAPTER 4
UNAUTHORIZED WTO-PLUS IN FTA:
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND TRIPS-PLUS
Ⅰ TRIPS-Plus Provisions Being Commonly Included in FTAs
Ⅱ The Scope of the FTA Exceptions under GATT Article XXIV:5
Ⅲ The Coverage and Standards of TRIPS Agreement
Ⅳ Wider Use of TRIPS-Plus in FTAs and Their Different Types
Ⅴ Provisions Incorporating New Types of Intellectual Property and Their Legal Status
Ⅵ Provisions Giving up Flexibilities and Their Legal Status
Ⅶ Provisions Expanding the Contents of Protection and Their Legal Status
Ⅷ The Extent of TRIPS-Plus in FTA Permitted under the WTO
CHAPTER 5
WTO-PLUS PROVISIONS IN FTA COVERED BY PLURILATERAL AGREEMENT: GPA-PLUS
Ⅰ Government Procurement Matters under WTO
Ⅱ Issues about Whether the Elimination of Restrictive Regulation on Government Procurement is Necessary for Forming an FTA
Ⅲ GPA Provisions Affecting FTA Government Procurement Chapters
Ⅳ Government Procurement Chapters as a GPA-Plus
CHAPTER 6
COMPETITION POLICY AS A WTO-PLUS IN FTA:
THE TREND OF INCLUDING COMPETITION CHAPTER IN FTA
Ⅰ Some Trends of International Aspects of Competition Policy
Ⅱ Earlier FTAs and the Lack of Competition Provisions
Ⅲ The First Comprehensive Competition Chapter in an FTA: NAFTA
Ⅳ More Recent Competition Chapters
Ⅴ Implications of Competition Chapters in FTA
Ⅵ Competition Chapter as a WTO-Plus
CHAPTER 7
INVESTMENT MATTERS AS A WTO-PLUS IN FTA
Ⅰ Introduction
Ⅱ Recent Development of BITs and FTAs
Ⅲ Comparison of the Contents of BIT with the Investment Chapter of FTAs
Ⅳ Points to Be Drawn from the Comparison
Ⅴ Policy Choice for the Governments
Ⅵ Investment Chapter as a WTO-Plus
CHAPTER 8
ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER AS A WTO-PLUS IN FTA
Ⅰ Current Multilateral Environmental Protections and Their Limitations
Ⅱ Origin and Reasons of FTA Dealing with Environmental Protection
Ⅲ The Extent of Prevalence for FTAs Containing Environmental Provisions and Their Different Forms
Ⅳ Different Forms for Including Environmental Provisions in FTAs
Ⅴ Elaboration on Some Key Environmental Provisions
Ⅵ Environmental Chapter as a WTO-Plus and Paradigm Shift of Using Multi-bilateral FTAs as the Vehicle to Carry Out the Goal of Environmental Protection
CHAPTER 9
POSSIBLE ADDITIONAL WTO-PLUS IN FTA:
A HEALTH CHAPTER
Ⅰ Introduction
Ⅱ The Requirement of New IHR upon its Members to Engage in International Cooperation
Ⅲ FTA Having Legal Status under the New IHR
Ⅳ FTA and Health Matters
Ⅴ Reasons for FTA to Have a Health Chapter for Public Health Matters
Ⅵ Health Matters that Can Be Covered by an FTA
CHAPTER 10
CONCLUSION
INDEX

作者簡介

作　者
羅昌發
現　職
臺大講座教授
臺大終身特聘教授
臺大法律學院亞洲WTO暨國際衛生法與政策研究中心主任
經　歷
臺灣大學法律學院院長
臺灣大學「生醫暨科技倫理、法律與社會中心」主任
2001年獲教育部授予「國家講座」
2006年獲傑出人才基金會授予「傑出人才講座」
2006年起獲臺大聘為「終身特聘教授」及「臺灣大學講座教授」
國科會法律學門召集人、國科會人文處諮議
創設法律學院「亞洲WTO暨國際衛生法與政策研究中心」
創辦Asian Journal of WTO and International Health Law and Policy（為SSCI期刊）及Contemporary Asia Arbitration Journal兩份專業英文期刊
2006年受WTO祕書長任命擔任一項歐盟與巴西爭議爭端解決小組成員
2008年受WTO任命為補貼暨平衡措施協定下的「常設專家小組」成員
學　歷
美國哈佛大學法學博士（SJD）

序　文

PREFACE

The term “WTO-plus” is widely used. It is applied in various contexts to reflect the obligations assumed by a country being greater than what are currently imposed or required by the agreements under the WTO. More often it is used to describe the broader coverage of matters by the FTA than those required and covered by relevant WTO agreements. The discussions of this book focus on this aspect.

There are basically three categories of the provisions in FTAs: The first category includes those provisions dealing with the matters which are required by the GATT 1994 to be included in the FTAs. If there were no such provisions or contents included, the trade agreements would not be considered as legitimate FTAs under WTO and thus the agreements cannot be the basis for constituent members to depart from the MFN requirements. Provisions concerning tariff elimination and elimination of restrictive regulation of commerce between FTA parties are of this kind. The book discusses the extent that tariffs and other restrictive regulations of commerce are to be eliminated.

The second category includes those FTA matters not required by the WTO, but allowed or admitted by explicit WTO provisions or not denied by WTO practices. The matters explicitly allowed to be included in FTAs are those permitted under GATT Articles XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV and XX. A difficult issue is whether those matters not in this list, especially the antidumping, countervailing and safeguard provisions in FTAs, are also allowed under the WTO. The book discusses the related issues for clarification.

The third category includes those matters not covered by the WTO or, although covered by the WTO, not allowed by the WTO to be an exception to the MFN principle. The intellectual property provisions in FTAs are basically the subject covered by the WTO but without specific authorization under the TRIPS Agreement to qualify such provisions in the FTAs as exceptions to the MFN obligation in this agreement. From the perspective that the inclusion of intellectual property protection in FTAs is not required by the WTO, they are WTO-plus provisions. From the perspective that many intellectual protections in FTAs exceed the minimum requirements of the TRIPS Agreement, such provisions are also TRIPS-plus.
The book discusses intellectual property right under FTAs as WTO-plus and TRIPS-plus.

The book will also analyze legal issues concerning GPA-plus issues because of its unique status from WTO perspective. Other WTO-plus issues discussed in this book include those relating to competition, investment, and environmental protection. These are all under the third type of FTA provisions, which can be generally considered as WTO-plus matters. The book will elaborate the plus aspects of FTAs concerning these issues.

In addition to those commonly included WTO-plus chapters in the FTAs, the book will also explore about whether it is appropriate to have a health chapter in FTAs to become a positive WTO-plus element.
The author expects that the book will clarify issues that have not been fully elaborated before so that there will be clear understanding on WTO-plus issues. Hopefully, it would help WTO Members to negotiate further rules on FTAs under the WTO, to formulate their FTA rules and policies concerning the plus aspects, and to help dispute settlement decisions on the related issues.

Chang-fa Lo
At Asian Center for WTO and International Health Law and Policy, National Taiwan University College of Law

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