「應優先適用公約之規定」:從身心障礙者權利公約施行法談國際人權公約之效力【實務家手札】 試閱
“The Convention Shall Be Prevailed”: The Validity of International Convention: Focus on Enforcement Act of CRPD
以施行法引進國際人權公約的立法模式,帶給司法實務工作者在適用與解釋法律上的挑戰。本文先就保障人權條款之法律位階進行說明,並以既有的判決先例為基礎,指出臺灣憲法已將法律是否違憲的審查明定為「大法官保留事項」,因此法官不得透過「合公約審查」取得相當於違憲審查的權限。至於人權保障條款能否直接適用,判斷上至少必須比荷蘭法所理解的「毫無疑問且令人滿意地明確」更加嚴格。此外,身心障礙者權利公約施行法第10條第2項應定位成確認、強調性質的規定,旨在提醒執法者,國際人權公約在價值取向上的優先地位;條文所稱「應優先適用公約之規定」應作廣義解釋,包括身心障礙者權利公約之條款排除國內法上其他規定而優先且直接適用、透過合公約解釋而間接適用,以及引以補充憲法上基本人權之內涵,使法官得據以聲請釋憲之情形,而各該條款應如何優先適用,仍應由執法者於個案中加以判斷。
The practice of introducing international human right conventions through enforcement acts presents a challenge of legal interpretation to the legal praxis. This article gives an account of human-rights-protection provisions?ranking as a source of law grounded on established precedents, and with a reference of Dutch law, it puts forward the argument that since judicial review of statutes is a justice-reserved issue pursuant to Taiwanese Constitution, judges should not acquire a power equivalent to such a review under the guise of treaty-conforming interpretation. When it comes to the direct application of human-rights-protection provisions, these should only be allowed under conditions stricter than the requirement nvoorwaardelijk en voldoende nauwkeurig?(unequivocally and sufficently accurate) on Dutch law. Besides, article 10II of the CRPD Enforcement Act should be interpreted as a confirmatory and causional provision, which aims at remaining public officials of the evaluational priority of international human right conventions; the text of he convention shall prevail?in this paragraph should be interpreted in an extensive sense, so that a CRPD provision may be applied directly by making a domestic legal provision yield to it, or indirectly by treaty-conforming interpretation, or enrich implement constitutional rights, with which judges may apply for judicial review. How each CRPD provision should prevail should be judged case by case.
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